Psychological distress and coping mechanisms due to the COVID-19 pandemic among the adult population in Bo Sierra Leone. A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Psychological distress is widely recognized as a significant health concern that poses a potential risk to the overall mental wellbeing of individuals. This study investigated the psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the coping methods employed by adults in Bo district, Sierra Leone. This research used a snapshot approach (cross-sectional design) to describe the prevalence of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among 502 adults residing in Bo district, Sierra Leone. We collected study data using a structured questionnaire that comprised of participant's demographics, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), Fear of COVID-19Scale (FCV-19S), Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), and Duke-UNC Functional Social Support instrument. We used backward stepwise binary logistic regression to identify the key factors linked to psychological distress. The average psychological stress score was 22.96±11.35, with approximately one-third of participants (n = 160, 31.9%) exhibiting very high levels of psychological distress. The mean score for fear of COVID-19 was 29.71±6.84, with the majority (n = 420,83.7%) being fearful of COVID-19. The mean score for the Brief Resilient Coping Mechanism was 12.49±4.51, with half of the participants considered low resilient copers (n = 257,51.2%). The mean score for functional social support was 25.35±8.85, with (n = 240, 47.8%) having increased social support. Individuals with a known health condition \[aOR = 4.415, 95% CI = 1.859-10.484\], who provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected COVID-19 \[aOR = 4.485, 95% CI = 1.575-12.775\], who knew someone who died from COVID-19 \[aOR = 3.117, 95% CI = 1.579-6.154\], with an increased fear of COVID-19 \[aOR = 4.344, 95% CI = 2.199-8.580\] had higher odds of moderate to severe psychological distress. Moderate resilient copers \[aOR = 0.523, 95% CI = 0.296-0.925\] had lower odds of psychological distress compared to the low resilient copers. Participants with increased social support had lower odds of psychological distress than those with low support \[aOR = 0.253, 95% CI = 0.147-0.434\]. A significant proportion of the study cohort residing in Bo, Sierra Leone, experienced high levels of mental stress because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study shows the importance of designing and implementing programs that minimize COVID-19 stressors and enhance the coping skills and social support network.