Evaluation of occupational health and safety in formal and informal sectors, 2024 - Freetown, Sierra Leone: A workplace-base survey

Abstract

**Background:** In Sierra Leone, poor access to health and safety measures remains among the causes of occupational hazards. More knowledge is needed on how to support workplace safety and well-being. This study aims to assess occupational health and safety (OHS) measures in both formal and informal sectors, while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and compliance by sectors.

**Methods:** A cross-sectional study of 516 workers (238 formal; 278 informal) assessed occupational health and safety (OHS) practices. Data was collected on safety policy, safety measures, and ergonomics. At 95% significance a logistic regression was computed for statistical analysis to compere compliance level with health and safety measures.

**Results:** Significantly more formal-sector (76.9%) had safety policies than informal sector (23.7%). Most participants (81.8%) recognized the importance of emergency exits, though recognition was higher in the formal than informal sector (92.9% vs. 72.3%), respectively. Poor ergonomics were prevalent (54.5%), especially in the formal sector (62.9%). Male were significantly associated with lower odds of OHS compliance compared to female (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02–0.38; p< 0.001). Regression analysis identified key factors associated with OHS compliance: formal sector employment (aOR=4.9; 95%CI: 0.91-25.90, p=0.064), and awareness of national OHS policy in the workplace (aOR=8.4; 95%CI: 1.78-39.73, p<0.01).

**Conclusion:** The study revealed a significant disparity in OHS measures between formal and informal sectors, with formal sectors showing better compliance with OHS procedures. We recommend that employers establish inclusive workplace policies and tailor training programs, and that the Ministry of Labour and Social Security implement comprehensive OHS policies.