Systemic Determinants of Collaborative Food Waste Reduction:Gender, Age, and Inter-Variable Dynamics in Sierra Leone’s Agricultural Governance

Abstract

This study examines the systemic determinants of collaborative food waste reduction effectiveness in Sierra Leone, focusing on the moderating roles of gender and age, and the inter-variable dynamics that shape collaborative outcomes. Using data from a cross-sectional survey of 399 agricultural stakeholders in Bo District, the study employs Spearman rank-order correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests within a multi-theoretical framework integrating Collaborative Advantage Theory, Systems Theory, and Stakeholder Theory. The analysis identifies 524 statistically significant inter-variable correlations (228 strong, ρ ≥ 0.50), revealing three interdependent variable clusters: Governance and Leadership, Knowledge and Communication, and Resources and Infrastructure. Significant gender differences emerge across 28 of 33 variables (p 45). Based on these findings, the study proposes the Collaborative Food Waste Reduction Framework (CFWRF) a seven-tier, evidence-based intervention model. The results demonstrate that collaborative food waste reduction variables form an interconnected system, not independent factors, and that piecemeal interventions will be insufficient. These findings extend Systems Theory and Stakeholder Theory to Sub-Saharan African agricultural governance and provide actionable implications for inclusive, systemic policy design.