Rice Insect Pests in Sierra Leone: Farmers’ Perceptions, Management Practices, and Knowledge Gaps

Abstract

Background: Rice production is severely threatened by pathogens and pests throughout the growing season, causing substantial annual yield losses. Pest infestation has been a major challenge and a significant constraint on rice production in Sierra Leone, threatening food security and farmers’ livelihoods. However, studies of farmers’ perceptions and knowledge concerning the identification and management of these pests are limited. Aims: This study assessed farmers’ perceptions and knowledge regarding the identification and management of economically important insect pests across three key rice-producing districts (Kenema, Kambia and Moyamba). Methods: The study used a mixed-methods approach. Qualitative methods were employed to examine social phenomena and understand their significance to participants, while quantitative methods were used to quantify and analyse variables statistically. Data were collected from 300 rice farmers using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. Findings: The findings revealed that middle-aged farmers predominated and played a critical role in rice production, while the limited involvement of younger and older farmers raised concerns about future production. Male farmers predominated, reflecting the social and cultural norms influencing gender roles in agricultural labour. The findings also revealed widespread reliance on physical and traditional pest-control methods, such as manual removal and farm sanitation, with limited adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Most farmers (55.0%) were unaware of IPM practices, while 45.0% reported being aware of them. Major pests identified included stem borers, rice ear bugs, leafhoppers and termites. Logistic regression analysis showed that IPM adoption was significantly associated with farmers’ age, educational level and pest knowledge. Despite low awareness of IPM, most farmers expressed a willingness to adopt the practice. Pest infestations resulted in substantial yield losses across all districts, with Kambia experiencing the greatest reduction (1.2 t/ha). Key constraints to pest management included a lack of capital, limited access to credit and insufficient extension support. Conclusion: This study therefore underscores the importance of education, training and financial support in promoting IPM adoption and sustainable pest management.