Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management
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Item The Role of International Donors in Aquaculture Development in Africa(IntechOpen, 2020-05-15) Olapade, Olufemi JuliusAquaculture, one of the fastest food production sectors in the world, has received and continues to receive funding from international donors and funding agencies since its introduction in Africa. The sector plays a key role in many emerging economies because of its potential to contribute to increased food production and at the same time help reduce pressure on fish resources. In spite of huge natural resources and a high demand for fish and fishery products, aquaculture production in Africa has yet to catch up with major players globally. Increased aquaculture production is hoped will greatly complement current efforts aimed at achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, reduction in child mortality, improvement of maternal health, prevention of diseases, promotion of gender equity and women empowerment. Africa however is the only region of the world where the present level of per capita fish consumption has declined over the past decades as populations grow. Researchers have adduced reasons for the setback to the development of Africa aquaculture. The unanswered question however is “Has donors’ support further the course of aquaculture development in Africa?”Item Lengthz-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Coelotilapia joka (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969) in the Rokel/Seli River, West Africa(SciPress Ltd., 2020) Konoyima, Komba JossieThis study was conducted in the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Rokel/Seli River, Northern Sierra Leone. There is a research gap on the growth or wellbeing of tilapia fish species in Sierra Leone. The objective of this study is to determine the length-weight relationship and condition factor of Coelotilapia joka from the main river channel. This research could contribute to promoting an agenda for fish culture practices for the fish. A total of 228 specimens of Coelotilapia joka were collected using gill nets. Fish length and weight measurements were done using fish measuring board and digital weighing balance respectively. Measurement for water quality was made using the Jemway multi-parameter water quality measuring device (Model: J970, Barloworld Scientific, United Kingdom). The values for regression coefficient “b” gave 2.5437, 2.1841 and 2.4585 for males, females and combined sex respectively, implying a negative allometric growth in the fish at (b 1). The difference in ‘K” for both sex is significant (p<0.05). A study for a period of one year could, however, provide a complete analysis of seasonal variations in growth and condition of the fish.Item Occupational hazards, risk and injuries of fish processors in Tombo a coastal fish landing site, Sierra Leone, West Africa(Academic Journals, 2021-06-30) Olapade, Olufemi JuliusFish and fish products bear potential hazards and risks of public health concern. A preliminary study of hazards, injuries and risks among fisherfolk in Tombo, Sierra Leone, West Africa was carried out on November 2018. Sixty subjects from among the organized fish processor groups were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire. Results obtained from the study were analyzed with Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and charts. The results of the study indicated that females (56.7%) were more involved in fish processing than males (41.7%); and the active age of these processors fell in the age range of 35-45 years. Married people (71.7%), dominated singles, widowed and divorced put together. Dominant religion in the study area was Islam and Christianity. Smoking (hot and cold), frying, packing, icing, filleting, seasoning or the combination of two or more according to the subjects was the prevailing processing methods used by processors in Tombo. Inherent hazards, injuries and risks reported by the respondents included high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, nervous tension, insomnia, skin disease, bronchitis or asthma, muscular problems or those of the joint, long-term neck and back pains, eye problem, typhoid, malaria, and hearing problem caused by environmental noise. To mitigate the hazard and risks associated with fish processing in Tombo, training on appropriate fish handling and processing techniques; the provision of appropriate handling and processing equipment by responsible stakeholders were considered according to the subjects rational options. Key words: Occupation, hazards, injuries, risks, fish processors, Tombo, Sierra Leone.Item Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda(African Scholarly Science Communications Trust, 2012-08-03) Olapade, Olufemi JuliusAnthropogenic activities such as industrial effluent, domestic and agricultural waste disposal constitute major sources of pollution in water. The effects of these pollutants on the physico- chemical properties of Lake Kivu, Rwanda were investigated at three locations (Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu) between February 2005 and December 2006. Water samples used for physico- chemical analysis were collected from 12 stratified points on the lake. Samples collected were analysed and interpreted using appropriate international procedures. The physico -chemical properties measured were temperature, conductivity, pH, transparency, salinity, total alkalinity, dissolved organic matter (DOM), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate – nitrogen, phosphate – phosphorus and sulphate. Mean water temperature measured (24.7 + 0.58 o C) was highest in Kibuye and lowest (24.5 + 0.31 o C) in Cyan gugu. The lake water was moderately hard with mean total alkalinity values of 88.1 ± 1.63mgL -1 ; 79.7 ± 2.36mgL -1 and 81.0 ± 2.46mg L -1 recorded in Gisenyi, Kibuye and Cyangugu respectively; salty and alkaline with mean pH values of 8.87 ± 0.07 in Gisenyi; 8.86 ± 0.06 in Kibuye and 8.91 ± 0.06 in Cyangugu. Total dissolved solids (TDS) level in the lake was above the 500mg L -1 prescribed by WHO while the mean biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) reading was within the range for unpolluted or moderately polluted lake. Water from the lake showed mineralization with mean conductivity values ranging from 1058 - 1184μS cm -1 in Gisenyi; 1058 - 1147μS cm -1 in Kibuye and 1031 - 1116μS cm -1 in Cyangugu. The mean dissolved oxygen values were below the 5mgl -1 limit recommended by WHO for fresh water fish species. SO 4- -2 and NO 3 – N concentration in the lake water does not constitute any serious health risk to both man and the aquatic organisms it supports. However, there is the need to constantly monitor the lake water to mitigate any build up of the ions to a hazardous level.Item The length-weight relationship, condition factor and reproductive biology of Pseudotolithus (p) senegalensis (valenciennes, 1833) (croakers), in Tombo western rural district of Sierra Leone(African Scholarly Science Communications Trust, 2014-11-19) Olapade, JOThe length – weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (G S I) and hepatosomatic index (H S I) of 412 specimens of Pseudotolithu s s enegalensis (Valenciennes, 1833) from Tombo , a coastal fishing community in the western rural district of Sierra Leone were studied for twelve months . Samples used for the study were collected from the catches of artisanal fishers and measurement s of length and weight of samples were done in situ using the facilities of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources. Samples for the reproductive study were preserved in an ice box and taken to the laboratory of the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Njala University , Sierra Leone for analysis. The parameters "a" and "b" of the length - weight relationship were estimated using the equation described by Ricker ( W = aL b ) while the condition factor was calculated using Fulton\`s equation (K = W1 00 / L 3 ) . The reproductive biology of the fish was estimated using Gonadosomatic index ( GSI ) and Hepatosomatic index ( H S I ) . The combined LWR for both sexes showed that a, b and r values were – 2.57 , 3. 3 5 and 0. 899 , respectively. The r – values obtained show a strong linear relationship between the length and weight of the species. The length - weight relationship indicated allometric growth for P . senegalensis in the study area. The condition factor (K) varied from 0.64 – 1.0 ; this may be attributed to environmental conditions of the water . The species clearly exhibited a positive allometric growth pattern ( tα ( 2) , 0.05, 411 > 1.965) . The sex ratio of males to females was 1:1. 15 and was not significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio. Estimation of GSI and HSI was carried out from December, 2010 to May, 2011 to determine the spawning behaviour of P. senegalensis . The mean GSI obtained indicate d that March and April , respectively are the two peak spawning period for the species . Gonado somatic index ranged between 1.1 % and 2.8% for the females. The results of this study revealed that P. senegalensis doe s not have obligatory spawning month but exhibit multiple spawning behaviour. T he length - w eight relationships and condition factor of the study indicated that the fish were thriving very well in the coastal water of Sierra Leone. Sustainable management of the species , therefore , require s that the environment be protected against anthropogenic pollution and imposition of closed fishing season especially during the t wo peak spawning period is recommended to enable the species recruit effectively.Item Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, and Blood-Chemistry Indicators of Nutritional Status in Juvenile Gift Strain Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.)(2015) Kpundeh, Mathew DidlynThis study investigated the effect of feeding rates (2-10% of body weight), on the growth performance, feed utilization, and blood-chemistry indicators of nutritional status in juvenile GIFT strain tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus) initial weight 72.73±0.15g. The 56 day trial conducted in cages tested five groups, with three replicates each. Fish were fed twice a day. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. Results showed that final body weight, food conversion rate (FCR), weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed intake, and condition factor (CF) were significantly affected by the feeding rates (P 0.05). Serum indicative parameters of liver-enzyme functions and food metabolism, including blood glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activities were assayed. Blood glucose level of the fish was significantly affected by the feeding rates (P 0.05). Feed provided at a rate of 2%-10% of body weight may meet physiological wellbeing of GIFT strain tilapia, however growth performance and other endocrine functions (IGF-I) are affected by lower and higher feeding rates. Our findings could be very useful to tilapia farmers.Item Women involvement in the fishery activities of two coastal communities in Sierra Leone(Academic Journals, 2019-01-31) Olufemi, J. OlapadeWomen make up an important part of the fishing sector and play critical roles, particularly, in small-scale fisheries and increasingly in capture fishing and other activities. However, the roles of women are often undervalued due to the lack of attention to gender roles in fisheries, especially in Africa. This research was therefore motivated to investigate the roles of women in two coastal communities of Sierra Leone. Structured questionnaires were administered to 200 randomly selected women involved in fisheries activities in Goderich and Tombo (the two largest fish landing communities in Sierra Leone). Results obtained showed that married women between ages between 20 – 50 years were more actively involved in fisheries activities in Goderich and Tombo. Findings of the study showed that 100% of the women were involved in the processing and marketing of fish and fish related products. Most of the respondents affirmed that the fisheries have increased their income, while others said that it reduced their expenditure on food supply and other household needs. Profits made according to 60% of the respondents ranged from Le 400,000 to Le 500,000 (\$52.3 – \$65.4), while 40% make close to Le 600,000 (\$78.4) on monthly basis. Woods for fish smoking in Goderich and Tombo were mangrove (93.6%) and forest woods (6.40%.). Constraints identified by the respondents in the two communities were poor state of the landing sites and poor fish handling, inadequate cold room and smoking kilns, poor access to credit, high labour and processing inputs cost, high illiteracy and poor toilet facilities. The low level of respondents\` education prevents women from taking part in decision-making that affects their livelihood in the communities. Key words: Coastal communities, Goderich, Tombo, women, fishery activities, livelihood, constraints and Sierra Leone.Item Challenges in Developing Aquaculture for Livelihood Enhancement in Bo City, Southern Sierra Leone(2023-01-15) Sumana, Sahr LaminThe study investigated socioeconomic characteristics, aquacultural practices and constraints among smallholder fish farmers in the study location of Bo City, Southern Sierra Leone. The present study employed a survey research design. The smallholder farmers who were growing food for themselves, for sale, and for consumption by others as well as those who were primarily growing it for the market were each given 40 questionnaires in total. The results revealed that most of the respondents were male (90.0%), married (60.0%), lacked training in fish farming (57.5%) and the household income of most (60.0%) ranged from NLe600-NLe1,000. The farmers mostly opined low fish farming experience (70.0%), Semi-intensive fish farming (67.5%), low aquaculture development (57.5%), predominantly seasonal fish pond irrigation (77.5%). All of the respondents’ view fish farming as an economically viable enterprise as well as a profitable (87.5%) entity. The mean rank of constraints was significantly (p ≤ 0.006) differed among fish farmers. The key fish farming constraints included culturing fish, fish feed in culturing fish, less interest, fewer fish farmers, high inputs, high cost of fish pond construction and intensive capital investment that could be exploited for improved productivity. The outcomes of these recent studies imply that fish farmers should receive training and funding for their operations to improve their competitiveness in their smallholder fish businesses as well as in the local and international aquaculture industries. Also, the governments and other practitioner authorities ought to implement policies and initiatives that would support fish farming activities, further research development in aquaculture, the development of the nation, and the fish farmers themselves.