School-wide publications

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://dspace.njala.edu.sl/handle/20.500.144402/169

Browse

Filters

2021 - 20243

Advanced Search

Filter by

Settings

Start date: 2020Subject: search.filters.subject.cardiovascular risk factors

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prevalence and socio-demographic associations of diet and physical activity risk-factors for cardiovascular disease in Bo, Sierra Leone
    (BioMed Central, 2021-08-10) Bockarie, Tahir
    BACKGROUND: Little is known about modifiable dietary and physical activity risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in Sierra Leone. This information is critical to the development of health improvement interventions to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of dietary and physical activity risk behaviours amongst adults in Bo District, Sierra Leone. METHODS: Adults aged 40+ were recruited from 10 urban and 30 rural sub-districts in Bo. We examined risk factors including: ≤150 min of moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) weekly, physical inactivity for ≥3 h daily, ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables, and salt consumption (during cooking, at the table, and in salty snacks). We used logistic regression to investigate the relationship between these outcomes and participants' socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: 1978 eligible participants (39.1% urban, 55.6% female) were included in the study. The prevalence of behavioural risk factors was 83.6% for ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables; 41.4 and 91.6% for adding salt at the table or during cooking, respectively and 31.1% for eating salty snacks; 26.1% for MVPA ≤150 min weekly, and 45.6% for being physically inactive ≥3 h daily. Most MVPA was accrued at work (nearly 24 h weekly). Multivariable analysis showed that urban individuals were more likely than rural individuals to consume ≤5 daily portions of fruit and vegetables (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% Confidence Interval (1.04-1.15)), add salt at the Table (OR 1.88 (1.82-1.94)), eat salty snacks (OR 2.00 (1.94-2.07)), and do MVPA ≤150 min weekly (OR 1.16 (1.12-1.21)). Male individuals were more likely to add salt at the Table (OR 1.23 (1.20-1.27)) or consume salty snacks (OR 1.35 (1.31-1.40)) than female individuals but were less likely to report the other behavioural risk-factors examined. Generally, people in lower wealth quintiles had lower odds of each risk factor than those in the higher wealth quintiles. CONCLUSION: Dietary risk factors for CVD are highly prevalent, particularly among urban residents, of Bo District, Sierra Leone. Our findings highlight that forthcoming policies in Sierra Leone need to consider modifiable risk factors for CVD in the context of urbanisation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Cardiovascular disease risk profile and management among people 40 years of age and above in Bo, Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional study
    (Public Library of Science, 2022-09-09) Odland, Maria Lisa
    INTRODUCTION: Access to care for cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRFs) in low- and middle-income countries is limited. We aimed to describe the need and access to care for people with CVDRF and the preparedness of the health system to treat these in Bo, Sierra Leone. METHODS: Data from a 2018 household survey conducted in Bo, Sierra Leone, was analysed. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data on CVDRF (hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidaemia) from randomly sampled individuals 40 years of age and above were collected. Future risk of CVD was calculated using the World Health Organisation-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH) calculator with high risk defined as >20% risk over 10 years. Requirement for treatment was based on WHO package of essential non-communicable (PEN) disease guidelines (which use a risk-based approach) or requiring treatment for individual CVDRF; whether participants were on treatment was used to determine whether care needs were met. Multivariable regression was used to test associations between individual characteristics and outcomes. Data from the most recent WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) were used to create a score reflecting health system preparedness to treat CVDRF, and compared to that for HIV. RESULTS: 2071 individual participants were included. Most participants (n = 1715 \[94.0%\]) had low CVD risk; 423 (20.6%) and 431 (52.3%) required treatment based upon WHO PEN guidelines or individual CVDRF, respectively. Sixty-eight (15.8%) had met-need for treatment determined by WHO guidelines, whilst 84 (19.3%) for individual CVDRF. Living in urban areas, having education, being older, single/widowed/divorced, or wealthy were independently associated with met need. Overall facility readiness scores for CVD/CVDRF care for all facilities in Bo district was 16.8%, compared to 41% for HIV. CONCLUSION: The number of people who require treatment for CVDRF in Sierra Leone is substantially lower based on WHO guidelines compared to CVDRF. CVDRF care needs are not met equitably, and facility readiness to provide care is low.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    The association of diet and physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension among older adults living in Sierra Leone
    (2024-11-01) Bockarie, Tahir
    Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are primarily driven by modifiable behavioural risk factors and are the leading cause of death globally. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), rapid urbanization and changes in behaviour are exacerbating the burden of CVDs but there is limited research into specific associations with CVDs in older adults in low-income countries, such as Sierra Leone. This study examines the association between behavioural risk factors and their physiological sequalae among adults aged 40 and above in Bo District, Sierra Leone. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 1,978 randomly sampled adults through a household survey. Survey questions were based on the validated WHO STEPs questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between behavioural risk factors (such as diet, physical activity, and salt intake) and the presence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, adjusting for socio-demographic variables. Results At least one physiological risk-factor for CVD was present in 43.5% of participants. Hypertension was associated with urban living (OR=1.46, 95% CI \[1.41-1.51\]), older age (OR for 80+=3.98, 95% CI \[3.70-4.28\]), insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (OR=1.52, 95% CI \[1.46-1.60\]), and low physical activity (OR=1.35, 95% CI \[1.27-1.43\]). Diabetes was associated with urban residence (OR=1.84, 95% CI \[1.66-2.05\]), older age (OR for 70-79 =3.82, 95% CI \[3.28-4.45\]), low fruit and vegetable consumption (OR=1.61, 95% CI \[1.36-1.90\]), high salt intake (OR=1.34, 95% CI \[1.21-1.49\]), and low physical activity (OR=1.47, 95% CI \[1.26-1.71\]). Obesity was less likely among males (OR=0.37, 95% CI \[0.36-0.38\]) and those aged 80+ (OR=0.39, 95% CI \[0.35-0.43\]). Conclusion This study highlights the need for evidence for targeted public health interventions in Bo District, Sierra Leone. Promoting healthier lifestyles to reduce poor diet, and physical inactivity, particularly in urban areas, could decrease CVD prevalence. Summary What is already known on this topic Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, with a disproportionate burden in low- and middle-income countries. Modifiable risk factors, including diet and physical inactivity, significantly contribute to CVD prevalence. Limited research exists on the specific associations between these risk factors and CVDs in older adults in Sierra Leone. What this study adds This study provides evidence of significant associations between dietary habits, salt intake, physical activity levels, and physiological risk factors for CVD: hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among adults aged 40 and above in Bo District, Sierra Leone. It quantifies the increased odds of physiological CVD risk factors associated with inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, high salt consumption, and physical inactivity in this population. The study illuminates the links between behavioural and physiological risk factors in the context of rapid urbanisation in Sierra Leone. How this study might affect research, practice or policy These findings will directly inform the development of targeted public health interventions in Sierra Leone, prioritizing the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption and increased physical activity among adults. The study results will drive policy changes to address urbanisation-related lifestyle factors, including initiatives to improve access to healthy foods and create environments conducive to physical activity. This research establishes a foundation for future studies on CVD risk factors in Sierra Leone, particularly focusing on age- and gender-specific interventions