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Author: search.filters.author.Cadmus, SimeonHas files: Yes

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    Ecological correlates and predictors of Lassa fever incidence in Ondo State, Nigeria 2017–2021: an emerging urban trend
    (Nature Portfolio, 2023-11-27) Cadmus, Simeon
    Lassa fever (LF) is prevalent in many West African countries, including Nigeria. Efforts to combat LF have primarily focused on rural areas where interactions between rodents and humans are common. However, recent studies indicate a shift in its occurrence from rural to urban areas. We analysed secondary data of reported LF outbreaks from 2017 to 2021 in Ondo State, Nigeria to identify the distribution pattern, ecological variations, and other determinants of disease spread from the ward level using nearest neighbour statistics and regression analysis. Data utilised include LF incidence, ecological variables involving population, nighttime light intensity, vegetation, temperature, market presence, road length, and building area coverage. ArcGIS Pro 3.0 software was employed for spatial analysis. Results revealed spatio-temporal clustering of LF incidents between 2017 and 2021, with an increasing trend followed by a decline in 2021. All wards in Owo Local Government Area were identified as LF hotspots. The ecological variables exhibited significant correlations with the number of LF cases in the wards, except for maximum temperature. Notably, these variables varied significantly between wards with confirmed LF and those without. Therefore, it is important to prioritise strategies for mitigating LF outbreaks in urban areas of Nigeria and other LF-endemic countries.
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    Dynamics of Mpox infection in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    (Nature Portfolio, 2024-03-28) Cadmus, Simeon
    The seasonal outbreaks of Mpox continue in most parts of West and Central Africa. In the past year, Nigeria had the highest number of reported cases. Here, we used the PRISMA guidelines to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence on Mpox in Nigeria to assess the prevalence, transmission pattern, diagnostic approach, and other associated factors useful for mitigating the transmission of the disease. All relevant observational studies in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, AJOL, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar on Mpox in Nigeria were assessed within the last fifty years (1972 to 2022). In all, 92 relevant articles were retrieved, out of which 23 were included in the final qualitative analysis. Notably, most of the cases of Mpox in Nigeria were from the southern part of the country. Our findings showed a progressive spread from the southern to the northern region of the country. We identified the following factors as important in the transmission of Mpox in Nigeria; poverty, lack of basic healthcare facilities, and risk of exposure through unsafe sexual practices. Our findings reiterate the need to strengthen and expand existing efforts as well as establish robust multi-sectoral collaboration to understand the dynamics of Mpox Nigeria.
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    Drivers of Lassa fever in an endemic area of southwestern Nigeria (2017–2021): An epidemiological study
    (Public Library of Science, 2025-06-25) Cadmus, Simeon
    BACKGROUND: Reporting two million human Lassa fever (LF) cases with around 10,000 associated annual mortality, the West African sub-region is endemic for Lassa fever virus (LASV). The true incidence of LF is difficult to determine because most LASV-infected individuals show no differentiating clinical signs and symptoms. We investigated the distribution of cases, post-hospitalization survival patterns, and evaluated factors contributing to infection and clinical course of the disease during an outbreak of LF in Ondo State, Nigeria, from 2017 to 2021. METHODS: We extracted LF data from the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response weekly report of the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control for 2017-2021. Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to describe the probability of survival among the LF cases. Also, a univariable binary logistic regression was used to explore factors associated with mortality among the study participants. Key informant was interviewed and environmental assessments were also done. RESULTS: LASV infection was confirmed in 1,115 (24.5%) of 4,551 cases with clinical signs suggestive of LF (age 35.24 ± 20.77) and case fatality rate of 25.5%. Hospitalized patients who did not recover within 17 days had less than 50% chance of survival. Age is a strong predictor of survival; hospitalized patients >40 years were significantly more likely than younger ones to experience mortality (Odds ratio:2.46; 95% CI = 1.67-3.62; p < 0.01). Similarly, male patients were significantly less likely than the females to survive beyond 10 days of hospitalization. Open sun drying of food items and congested urban residential settings with history of frequent rat sightings are possible factors for the increase of LF cases in the study area. CONCLUSION: Current case definition in Ondo State identified close to 25% of laboratory confirmed LASV infection. Human activities during the dry season (October-March) are associated with increased LF cases. We propose a One Health disease surveillance approach that synchronizes farming activities with educational campaigns as a mitigation strategy against LASV infection and mortality in Nigeria.